Ex Vivo, Nodule-Based Shear Wave Elastography as a Possible Alternative to Intraoperative Frozen Section for Predicting Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules
MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA), cilt.62, sa.2126, ss.1-16, 2026 (SCI-Expanded)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 62 Sayı: 2126
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.3390/medicina62112126
- Dergi Adı: MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA)
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1-16
- Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
- Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Background and Objectives: Intraoperative frozen section (FS) examination is used to dif-
ferentiate malignant from benign thyroid nodules but is limited by pathologist depen-
dence, time, and cost. This study evaluated whether ex vivo shear wave elastography
(SWE), applied separately to mapped thyroid nodules, could serve as an alternative to
FS and investigated the effects of nodule number and tumour size on SWE performance.
Materials and Methods: A total of 343 thyroid nodules from 100 thyroidectomy patients
were mapped and numbered ex vivo. Five two-dimensional SWE measurements were
obtained from each nodule using a Philips EPIQ Elite ultrasound system with ElastQ
Imaging. Mean, minimum, and maximum stiffness values (kPa) were recorded, and each
nodule underwent individual pathological examination. Diagnostic performance was
assessed using ROC analysis and the Youden index. Performance was compared accord-
ing to nodule number (1, 2–3, ≥4) and tumour size (≤10, 11–20, >20 mm). Generalised
Estimating Equations (GEE) logistic regression was used to assess independent effects
while accounting for within-patient clustering. Results: Of 343 nodules, 229 (66.76%) were
benign and 114 (33.23%) malignant. Mean SWE was significantly higher in malignant
than benign nodules (49.87 ± 21.30 vs. 18.59 ± 5.53 kPa; p < 0.0001). ROC analysis yielded
an AUC of 0.9396 (95% CI: 0.9110–0.9650). At the 25.40 kPa cutoff, sensitivity, specificity,
and accuracy were 84.21%, 90.39%, and 88.33%, respectively. Sensitivity decreased with
increasing nodule number (92.30%, 86.11%, 81.53%), whereas tumour size correlated
strongly with SWE (ρ = 0.7807; p < 0.0001). Sensitivity increased from 70.17% for malig-
nant nodules ≤ 10 mm to 100% for those >20 mm. In GEE analysis, nodule number was not
independently significant after adjustment for tumour size (OR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.58–1.47;
p = 0.75), whereas tumour size remained significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Ex vivo
nodule-based SWE accurately predicts thyroid malignancy. The apparent effect of nodule
multiplicity on sensitivity is largely explained by tumour size. SWE may therefore represent
a useful adjunct