Design and synthesis of a carbazole–SNS conjugated polymer as a bifunctional material for electrochromic and symmetric supercapacitor applications

Hosseini S., Öncüoğlu S., Ergün M. Y., Toppare L. K., Udum Y.

IONICS, cilt.1, sa.1, ss.1-16, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 1 Sayı: 1
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s11581-026-07469-0
  • Dergi Adı: IONICS
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Scopus, Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest), Aerospace Database, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, INSPEC
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1-16
  • Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Conjugated polymers (CPs) are promising materials for multifunctional electrochemical applications due to their tunable

electronic structures and reversible redox activity. In this study, we report a novel thiophene-pyrrole-thiophene (SNS)-type

polymer based on 9-(4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)-9 H-carbazole, designed to integrate electrochromic

and supercapacitor functionalities. Electropolymerization of the monomer was used to form a thin film on an ITO substrate.

The polymer film exhibits outstanding dual performance, with an areal capacitance of 21 mF/cm2 optical contrasts

of 30% at 440 nm and 66% at 990 nm, and a symmetric supercapacitor device delivering 7.8 mF/cm2 capacitance. To

the best of our knowledge, this carbazole-functionalized SNS(ph-Cz) system is among a limited number of SNS-type

conjugated polymers reported to combine over 60% near-infrared optical contrast with GCD-derived areal capacitances

above 20 mF/cm2 highlighting its potential as a next-generation bifunctional material. The GCD-derived areal capacitance

(21 mF/cm2) was accompanied by a higher CV-derived value (45.2 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s), consistent with the difference in

timescale and charge-storage contributions probed by the two techniques; the symmetric device retained approximately

50% of its initial capacitance after 2000 GCD cycles, a stability limitation that is discussed in detail below.