INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION RESEARCHES IN THE GEOGRAPHY, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE AXIS, Arife Karadağ,Nuri Karataş,Aylin Atilla, Editör, Ege University Publications no: 209, İzmir, ss.17-30, 2021
IMMIGRATION ADMINISTRATION AND
ERISTIC DIALECTIC
FOR ASYLUM-SEEKERS
Prof.Dr.Zerrin Toprak, Karaman
Dokuz Eylül University
zerrin.toprak@deu.edu.tr
INTRODUCTION
As is known to all, Eristic Dialectic is an art form of debate done with the aim of
being right and winning the argument. With a metaphorical approach, it is
associated with dueling. In other words, the question of who will survive
overtakes the question of who is right.
Even if we could rationalize the facts that occur before our eyes, it
can still be possible that we feel confused with the imminent debates and
arguments. The most beneficial tactic in the search for truth however, could be
the use of Aristotelian dialectics. According to Aristotle, every debate has a
thesis (problem) and propositions bound to solve it. And the success of this
analysis depends on the ability to establish associations between concepts. The
association mentioned is based on for important and prioritized factors of the
concept as 1) Definition (definitum); 2) Type (genus); 3) Distinctive property
(proprium) and 4) Attribution, in other words, qualities whether distinctive or
not (prädikat)
(Schopenhauer, 2012: 8-9).
Every century has a defining subject. The defining
subject of the 21st century is "immigration". Nowadays,
the phenomenon of immigration, with its national and international aspect,
could be more easily analyzed within this logical framework. Therefore, this
subject has been deemed appropriate for the main methodological approach of
this article.
Key Words: Eristic Dialectics,
Immigration Management, Security, Interdisciplinarity
THE STORY OF IMMIGRATION
A measure of people's freedom is also explained by
being a “tourist” (Bauman, 2011: 18-36). To move freely from one country to
another with standards of life quality is a modern and democratic privilege. In
this case, “voluntary and unwilling” population movements from one country to
another and/or within a country for economic, social, and political reasons are
defined by a separate concept, “migration”.
The topic of migration actually includes many
immersive subjects that follow each other, such as The Arabian Nights. In
Turkey, the word “migration” describes a process of change in which different
types of migration become periodically prominent. 1923-1924 and 1930s depict
the period in which Turkish immigrants return to their countries, also called "periods
of exchange". The period of the 50s, 60s, and 80s define the
"domestic migrations" which are movements from rural areas to cities.
The 80s and 90s also correspond to departures abroad. At the beginning of the 2000s, the word
migration used to refer in our minds the "frequent exodus" of retired
foreigners coming from Europe. And after 2010, the term had been used to
describe "irregular or illegal exodus"[1]. Our expectation for the future seems to be” illegal
climate migrations."
While Turkey was a transit country, it has now become
an “arrival” country. Turkey has periodically welcomed "Immigrants of
Turkish Origin" and various ethnic groups coming from different countries.
In 2011, the groups coming from Syria to Turkey due to the threat of dying caught
up in political conflicts dramatically increasing in number as of 2014 have
been considered within the scope of "irregular immigration". These
arrivals were first perceived as "they will be on their way soon" but
the more the time they spent in the country increased the more this issue
transformed into debates on whether these groups are a threat or an opportunity
from socio-cultural and service quality aspects.
The point of view of this study on irregular
immigration movements in Turkey that was conducted with a lens of the question
"Does making sense of these movements with an Aristotelian questioning
logic serves to establish scientific and objective criteria?" was based on
the following points. According to Aristotelian logic, the four main characteristics
that can define the phenomenon of internal migration within Turkey are; 1)
large population movement towards Turkey, 2) unqualified /uneducated
immigrants, 3) economic, socio-cultural and political victimization in their
own country, 4) the effects on the known indicators of universal life quality
in the country of arrival/place.
After defining the type of migration, similar
methodological approaches can be developed to determine the rational
administration strategy for Turkey. The following elements can be identified
AS distinguishing factors for “irregular
migration movements” coming from abroad by emphasizing the words that stand out
in the research on the subject. 1) non-stop illegal immigration to Turkey, 2) the
young population of the incoming immigrants with a birth rate (%5,2) that is
higher than the average Turkish birth rates (2019, %2,1) (Cumhuriyet, 2020), 3)
poverty and deprivation 4) socio-cultural conflict and fear of causing economic
burdens in society. A 5th variable can be added by us in this case.
This variable is the case of Corona-19 pandemic Virus (Wikipedia, 2020), which
has been first detected in March 2020, in Turkey and still effective all over
the world. As this incident may have deterred arrivals to Turkey, it could also
have triggered repatriations. However, upon time, it will be possible to
evaluate the consequences of living in a crowded family environment in Turkey.
It is understood that “eristic dialectics” are applied
in both domestic and foreign relations network in the context of knowledge
accumulation accessible through administrative and political decisions on
migration shared with public (Bostan, 2018). Indeed, the answers to the
following questions have not yet been internalized in public:
1.
Is
it possible that those who came from Syria in fear of death could have been
dispersed across Turkey while crossing the border without having to be profile
detection?
2.
Do
those who come from Syria under death threats go on holiday to their countries
for reasons such as Eid? How are they able to leave?
3.
Have
the basic legal regulations been amended to facilitate the transition to
arrivals, settled life and citizenship for large migrations from other
countries as well?
4.
Is
it possible that the Syrian population migrating to Turkey with "extremely
increasing population and high birth rates" is inclined to become a
political force and that this situation is being ignored or overlooked; which
in fact is one of the oldest known tricks?
5.
Are
arrivals by illegal/ irregular immigration being made attractive by Turkey?
6.
Are
the regulations providing privileges and convenience for foreigners of Turkish
origin not published in the Official Gazette[2] have also been established for foreigners from Syria?
7.
While
the resident population in Turkey did not know that those seeking asylum would
return or go to another country or stay in Turkey, did those who arrived know
what would happen?
8.
Were
those who did not want to stay in Turkey forcibly held or were their passage to
Europe blocked?
9.
For
what reason were asylum-seeking groups living in Turkey for more than 5 years
and not allowed to cross into Europe told before Corona that they could cross
freely across our border into Europe, even though the countries on our western
border did not accept it?
10.
Have
the administrative measures to be taken on irregular or illegal foreign
migration in Turkey been discussed in a transparent, integrated and
multifaceted public opinion?
Admittedly these questions can be further increased. However,
each sentence that can be uttered which is incompatible with the
administration's statement suggests a scenario that can be speculated. But
there are also realities that are fantastic and that are not. Indeed, according
to data from the Ministry of
Interior's Directorate-General for Migration Administration, the number of
Syrians who came to Turkey after the conflict that began in Syria in 2011 and
lived in the country with Temporary Protected Status is 2,896,663 as of 9
February 2017. As of August
2019, the asylum seeker population has increased to 3,643,870. Despite
the dramatic increase in births, the number of Syrians has barely changed in
recent years in official declarations. According to figures for March 2020
based on official statements by the administration, the total number of Syrians
registered under temporary protection in Turkey has become 3,583,584. And 1,680,214
of these people (%46.8) are children in the age group of 0-18 (https://multeciler.org.tr/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi/). These numbers are fluctuating and there are also
those who have returned to their country.
As an example of the surprising realities, the
European Union has not considered neighboring Turkey, which is continuing its
efforts to join the Union, in the totality of its security policies. However,
Prime Minister Merkel constantly highlighting the issue of “fight against the
root causes of migration” in her speech of inauguration after the election
success on 24 September 2017, while talking about foreign migration which has
been an important issue in Germany's Election Marathon, has been a remarkable
international reflex. Unfortunately, no success has been achieved to reach the goal. Turkey is a senior member (accepted 1950) of
the Council of Europe (founded 1949) and the basic solidarity philosophy and
security issues in the agreements have been ignored by the member states when
it comes to Turkey. Turkey is simply excluded from this union. In other words,
in the race of ”eristic dialectics", European countries have become the
winners.
In
summary, the World Summit on Housing and Human Settlements (Istanbul, Habitat
2) in 1996 was announced to the Turkish public with the following words: “6
billion Earthlings are coming to Istanbul” . The irony is that while we are
just a transit country, we have become a destination country. In spite of the
administration announcing the number of immigrants as around 4 million, the
additional population coming to Turkey and the profile that is born within
Turkish borders which has a high birth rate and which have needs such as food,
education, and accommodation is comprised of 12,8 million people (DAR, 2018, 9)[3] and this
number made into the 2018 World Disaster Report. While Turkey contributed to
the quality of life of this population, to what extent has the quality of life
of the residents of Turkey been affected on a local and national scale? This
issue has not been officially disclosed to the public in a comprehensive
manner. However local discontent can be suggested assuming that the results of
the research conducted in various regions are reflected to the public as
well.
Three fundamental documents determine the legal status
of international refugees and asylum seekers: The 1951 Geneva Convention, the
1967 Protocol and the Charter of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees. Turkey has diverged from its main stance in the 1951 Geneva
Convention, which it signed and ratified in 1961, by establishing states such
as ”temporary asylum “and so on, especially due to migrations from Syria and by
placing geographical
reservations concerning "not accepting refugees from
outside Europe". However, asylum
seekers who came to Turkey under the definition of irregular migration from
2011 to the present day did not come to Turkey only from our Eastern
borders. Syrian asylum seekers who are
considered as the first qualified workforce to go to Europe, America, and
Canada have been gradually repatriated to Turkey through “readmission
agreements” (March 18, 2016). However, the Government of Canada, 2019, provides
positive assessments on topics such as employment and social life. Having said
that, the reason of socio-cultural incompatibility has also played a role in
these repatriations along with population pressure.
As of 2015, Turkey has systematically blocked the transit of
“asylum-seekers” entering Turkey from our eastern borders and moving towards
coastal, particularly on-border settlements in order to pass into European
countries, particularly coastal and also border settlements. It has become
permanent in Turkey at increasing rates through international migration
agreements. With the knowledge that multiple border crossings were opened on 28
February 2020, some of the asylum-seekers living on different time zones in
Turkey tried to cross our land and sea borders into Europe. We don't know the
exact number of people who “managed” to cross the border on this day. Although
hundreds of people have been mobilized, the majority did not manage to cross
the border (Deutsche Welle, 2020). Groups waiting at the border until mid-March
2020 had to return to their accommodation in Turkey due to health security
reasons applied in the fight against COVID -19, which caused the bilateral
closure of the borders.
The Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms(ETS no.5), Article 15 Has been associated
with the outbreak of COVID-19. Article 15 of the Agreement is about
"Derogation in time of Emergency". The Article states as follows: In
time of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation any High
Contracting Party may take measures derogating from its obligations under this
Convention to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation,
provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations
under international law. However, when such measures cease to be in effect, the
provisions of the Convention shall come into full force again(https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/webContent/62111354
)
We cannot overlook the other stories of asylum-seekers with tears in
their eyes, and their journey of death through human trafficking.
Where is the foreign migration administration placed in public
policy? "The Law No. 6458 on
Foreigners and International Protection" dated 2013 has been regulated
during the same year of illegal migrations.
The public administration seems to have accepted such a large wave of
immigration without preparation. As a matter of fact, the purpose of the law is
defined as “... to regulate the procedures and
principles regarding the entry, stay and exit of foreigners in Turkey and the
scope and implementation of protection to be provided to foreigners who request
protection from Turkey" (Law No. 6453 Article 1). The definition of
migration in the law was made for external migrations. According to this,
immigration “denotes regular immigration, which means the entry of
foreigners into Turkey by legal means, their stay in Turkey and their exit from
Turkey, and irregular migration, which means the entry of foreigners into
Turkey by illegal means, their stay in Turkey, their exit from Turkey, and
their unauthorized work in the country along with international protection” (Law No. 6453 Article 3 / i) In fact, there is no legal
definition regarding domestic migration. Actually, Turkey does not have a
national migration strategy guide with accessible, comprehensive, multifaceted
migration analyses.
However, there is the 10th Development Plan
(2014-2018), Immigration Specialization Commission's Report (Turkish Republic
Ministry of Development, 2014) published in 2014 with the note stating that it “does
not reflect the Ministry's opinion" but may have input into their assessment. As of the date
of publication, there is undoubtedly no data or strategic approach covering the
present day. It can be seen that there has been a postmodern immigration
administration, which is not subject to “public policies”, centered on internal
migration and external migration based on day-to-day decisions.
From the standpoint of developed countries; it is
possible to make the following evaluations on the illegal “external migrations”
from Syria. The irregular population movements, which at first were for
“humanitarian reasons” seemed never to end and created a sense of “emptying
Syria” which in turn created “panic.” In the final analysis, the country's
interests should be the primary choice.
The three main elements of sustainability scenarios
are shown as “economic, social and environmental values”. In the well-known short description of Public Policy
(2008: 1, 5, 39), Thomas Dye defines public policy with a short formulation as
“anything a government chooses to do or not to do.” Policy studies can be
analyzed in relation to economics, sociology, anthropology, psychology,
history, law, and public administration and policy sciences (Dye, 2008: 4). In
terms of the rational use of resources, there is a
need for a collaborative work that needs to be developed with an
interdisciplinary point of view. Therefore, it will only be possible to create
”accurate“and” rational" goals and action plans. The following queries are
listed in terms of the effectiveness of public policies by Dye:
1. What are the effects of social
and economic conditions on political and administrative institutions,
processes, and behaviors?
2. What are the effects of
processes and behaviors of political and administrative institutions on public
policies?
3. What are the effects of social
and economic situations on public policies?
4. What are the effects of public
policies (as feedback) on social and economic situations?
5.What are the effects of public policies (as
feedback) on socio-economic situations of political and administrative
institutions, processes and behaviors?
In the final analysis, it is important in terms of social resilience that
decisions should be taken by applying the principles of deliberative democracy
based on integrated governance on issues affecting the whole of the country in
multifaceted ways, especially socio-culturally. Various academic studies have
shown that the government's open-door policy, based on centralized discretion,
against irregular illegal arrivals, especially from Syria, has become a
“troubling agenda” in recent years.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SECURITY
In terms
of global security, the cooperation of the governments is needed due to the
impact of the global dynamics brought about by nature and many other
humanitarian activities. The demands in this direction are constantly
increasing. Indeed, as the assessments of the United Nations Office for
Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) show, the elements of humanitarian security have
gained a wider dimension that goes beyond military protection and poses a
threat to human dignity. However, it is known that a security partnership can
be achieved in the presence of common interests. The definition of enhanced
security identifies a wide range of security areas. These areas are listed
below (UN, 2009: 6).
1. Economic: The creation of employment and measures against poverty.
2. Food: Measures against hunger and famine.
3. Health: Measures against disease, unsafe foods, malnutrition, and lack
of access to basic health care.
4. Environmental: Measures against environmental degradation, depletion of
resources, natural disasters and pollution.
5. Personal: Measures against physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic
violence, and child labor.
6. Community: Measures against ethnic, religious, and other identity
tensions.
7. Political: Measures to be taken against political repression and human
rights violations.
Terror
pressure can also be added to each of these issues. In the final analysis, the
concept of security today is considered as a broad concept that includes not
only the military aspect but also economic security, natural environmental
security, energy security and border security, as well as all the other values
that ensure the sustainability of the state with its country and nation.
The
important administrative measures for ensuring national security comprises of
studies on strengthening the strategic infrastructure and superstructure
equipment; economic support for enhancing the social resilience; preparation
for civil defense, and disaster and emergency administration; intelligence
activities for prevention of terrorist attacks, espionage detection, and
military-like activities. When national security is considered together with
multifaceted threats, it needs social support that will protect its power with
universal democratic values and that can overcome these threats with the help
of “information society”.
Rio
(2012) has defined the goals as water, oceans, disasters, job opportunities,
energy, cities and food supply. The European Union has based its 2014- 2020
periodic policy on "employment, innovation, education, social inclusion
and climate/energy” and has pointed out that each State should shape its
national goals in these areas (European
Commission, 2014). Turkey is not immune to these developments. Social security,
cyber security and nuclear security issues have been mentioned in several
reports. When climate changes are considered as a whole, it is understood that
there is a need for interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary studies.
The Council of Europe (1949)[4], of
which we are a member, assesses the economic development of human life, besides
defense, along with the quality of life indicators such as environment and
landscape, human rights and social equality, cultural diversity, and democracy.
Working subjects of the Council are developing agreements to harmonize the
social and legal practices of member states across the continent, addressing
the problems facing European societies (minorities, racism, intolerance,
environmental protection, AIDS, drugs, etc.) and producing solutions. The
council's work program has been revolving around issues such as human rights,
legal cooperation with media, social and economic issues, health, education,
cultural history and cultural heritage, sports, youth, local and regional
authorities, and environment. Culture conservation and cultural diversity are
also considered as two pillars of sustainable development (Council of Europe,
2020). Their action plan consists of transfering sustainable field studies
based on biodiversity, planning scales, landscape management and integrated use
of natural and cultural resources to a normative area and to shape an
appropriate legal framework. At the Habitat III Conference (17 October 2016,
Ecuador, Quito) (Habitat III, 2016), six thematic areas and 20 sub-areas were
studied. These themes focused on the quality of life and safety issues of the
cities.
They work
towards a safer world for today and for the future generation through
coordinative cooperation within the context of changing climatic conditions,
technology and human capacity, with the purpose of achieving the goals on various
subjects such as sustainable development; protection of environment and
refugees; disaster relief; fight against terrorism; non-proliferation and
disarmament; development of democracy, human rights, gender equality and the
status of women; governance, economic and social development and international
health, landmine clearance, the expansion of food production, and energy. These
targeted studies coincide with the very comprehensive definition of”
security".
The
important administrative measures for ensuring national security comprises of
studies on strengthening the strategic infrastructure and superstructure
equipment; economic support for enhancing the social resilience; preparation
for civil defense, and disaster and emergency administration; intelligence
activities for prevention of terrorist attacks, espionage detection, and
military-like activities. It is seen that peace in the country is not
sufficient alone, and issues related to trans-borders are also of strategic
importance.
From an
integrated standpoint regarding the imbalance of life quality indicators, it is
obvious that the threats against human safety cannot be solved solely with
classic safety measures but instead it requires a new, national and
international consensus that acknowledges the interdependency between
development, human right and national security with a complementary approach
based on wide network. In the final analysis, the relationship networks between
national security and various types of security are seen as having an inseparable
complementary characteristic.
Human
security is currently associated with freedom of human life and democracy.
Human life should be considered in accordance with the evolving meaning of
security; along with political, social, natural, economic, cultural and
military systems. Security should be evaluated in the original conditions of
the day with an “integrated multi-industrial, comprehensive, preventive
prudence” within the concept of rights. The issue of external migrations with
different socio-cultural characteristics of big populations has become a global
problem.
The issue of migration administration, as mentioned
above, in its different aspects concerns not only the peoples of the
destination countries but also the global neighborhood. From this point of
view, interdisciplinary studies and cooperation are also needed at local,
national and international levels. This topic is shown below with the help of
an image. Each module is associated with the others.
Image. Safe City: Immigration
and Interdisciplinarity
Immigration: Law, human geography, political
geography, politics/public administration, theology, economics, history,
sociology, international relations, anthropology, psychology, medicine-public
health, science/ technology (architecture, engineering),
Inclusive Cities: Economics, sociology, finance,
law/criminology, psychology, anthropology, geology, science/technology,
Safe city: Economy, agriculture, medicine,
sociology, psychology, law, science/technology, geology, zoology, biology,
meteorology, glaciology, virology), geography, administration/politics,
theology, finance,
Urban Culture: Archaeology, architecture,
geology, marine sciences, science/ technology), mythology, sociology,
psychology, economics, history, law, administration politics
These issues, which indicate the specified
relationship networks, should be evaluated for all the other indicators such as
governance, finance and planning. Politics should follow the administration
supported by knowledge. Today, engineering based on technical dimension is also
incorporated into the natural sciences and social sciences, where it is
realized that there is ease of interdisciplinary work due to the variable
feature of the developing technology. There is a need to work within a new
model that goes beyond Interdisciplinary studies, expressed as smart society or
society 5.0. Today, the issue of interoperability or starting with the question
“how we can work together” is also important. This type of work opens up to a
trans-disciplinary /interdisciplinary field. As far as we are concerned,
“migration phenomenon and administration” has a characteristic that allows it
to be included in the society 5.0 studies.
CONCLUSION
The issue
of immigration is a phenomenon that needs to be considered by all countries in
terms of development goals. Although immigration is a hindrance to a country's
sustainable development, it also has positive impacts. In the United Nations”
Sustainable Development Agenda for 2030", the issue of migration has been
included as an important area of study (Swiss Agency for Development and
Cooperation, 2018). “In order to escape the power of persecution”, the report
repeatedly stresses that action plans for the protection of economic, social
and environmental values must be included in the country's development
plans. Aimed issues should be determined
for thinking migration from an integrated point of view and for the
implementation of the Global Compact for Migration. According to the author,
global common goals and rational principles should be established on population
just like global responsibility and action plans are created for environmental
cases that destroy nature, based on trans-borders environmental problems. As a
result, large numbers of populations are able to transform the spread of waves
from one country to another into a right by the strain of quality of life.
These population movements affect the country of departure very negatively as
well. In the event of another disaster at the same time, the emergence of a
chaotic environment may become inevitable. In this case, it is natural to
establish global responsibilities regarding international immigration.
Turkey is
not immune to various migration movements, and has actually become a center of
it. Although it is a country identified with migration, where there are many
types of population movements, in academia, research on internal and external
migrations is only a matter of mere interest. Official documents containing
systematic data and information are limited. Migration types and management
strategies have remained scattered/dispersed within the legal arrangements made
occasionally based on the needs. The fact that people migrating to Turkey due
to political reasons, who compose a part of external and irregular migration
have become "permanent" in the country and this has negatively
affected the life quality indicators of Turkey in multiple ways.
However,
the issue of population and mobility has been one of the strategic issues that
states have diligently managed throughout history in order to maintain their
power, and this issue cannot be left to itself.
In
summary, in terms of Eristik dialectical migration administration it is turning
into a “non-zero-sum game” for Turkey. In the future scenario, it is necessary
to build a strong society in various dimensions of security and to make it
sustainable. Therefore for the purposes of keeping up-to-date information;
improving knowledge accumulation; acting "smart" with the individual,
corporate and social responsibility; and benefiting from social capital at a
maximum level; supporting interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary studies and
highlighting them on national reports are crucial. Taking the results of mutual information
accumulation into consideration in terms of social peace and multifaceted
safety indicators which are the raison d'etre of the administration is
undoubtedly obvious rationality.
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Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, (2018). World Disaster Report 2018, https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/world-disaster-report-2018/, (Access Date: x).
Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation, (2018). Migration
and Development. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12421.pdf,
(Access Date: 03.05.2020).
Republic of Turkey
Ministry Of Development, (2014). Onuncu
Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018), Göç İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara,
http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/10_Goc-1.pdf, (Access Date:
2.05.2020).
UN, (2009). Human Security in Theory and Practice, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/turkey/docs/news-from-new-horizons/issue-41/UNDP-TR-HSHandbook_2009.pdf,
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Wikipedia, (2020).
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Legislation
Law on The Regulations To Be Published In The Official
Gazette No. 3011 dated 1984
Law on Foreigners and International Protection No.
6458 dated 2013.
[1]
There are many extensive studies on this subject accessible on the internet.
See Toprak, 1987, 2008, 2012a, 2012b, 2015a, 2015b.
[2]
In accordance with the provisions of Law No. 3011 dated 1984, “... regulations
relating to national security which encompass a degree of confidentiality”
shall not be published in the Official Gazette.
[3] According to the World Disaster Report of the International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2018), population movements due to
immigration of over 12 million asylum seekers from Syria since 2012 have become
prominent especially in Turkey (see. International Federation of Red Cross and
Red Crescent Societies, 2018: 172, 185,
see. figure. 7.4, 7.18).
[4] The Council of Europe was founded by the United Kingdom, France,
Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Italy and
Ireland. In August 1949, Turkey and Greece applied to the Council. Turkey's official accession was on 13 April
1950 and Turkey is not a founding member. As of 2019, the 47-membered Council
of Europe has 5 observer members; the Vatican City State, the United States,
Canada, Japan and Mexico.