Towards Industrial Surface Roughness Screening from OCT Images Using a Multimodal Large Language Model

SABUNCU M. H., AVCI S. O.

Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol.16, no.12, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 16 Issue: 12
  • Publication Date: 2026
  • Doi Number: 10.3390/app16126010
  • Journal Name: Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Applied Science & Technology Source, Compendex, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals
  • Keywords: generative AI, industrial inspection, intelligent quality control, metrology, multimodal large language models, non-contact measurement, optical coherence tomography, surface roughness
  • Dokuz Eylül University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

Rapid and non-contact surface inspection is essential for quality control in modern production. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can image a surface without contact, but turning those images into roughness parameters usually requires specialized processing software. This study examined whether a multimodal large language model (LLM) could estimate roughness parameters directly from OCT B-scans as a screening tool. The study was designed as a controlled macro-scale proof of concept using periodic, analytically defined phantoms rather than as validation on stochastic industrial micro-roughness. Five test surfaces with exactly known geometries were designed, 3D-printed, and scanned with a spectral-domain OCT system. For each surface, roughness values were computed from the theoretical shape, extracted from the OCT image using MATLAB, and also estimated by the LLM from the same image. The repeatability of the LLM was checked by running the same prompt ten times per surface. On a sawtooth profile, the LLM estimates varied by 3.8% for Ra, 4.2% for Rq, 3.5% for Rp, 2.8% for Rv, and 3.1% for Rt. Across all five surfaces, the variation in Ra and Rq was around 3–5%, and for Rt, it stayed below 5%. The results show that a generative AI approach can produce repeatable roughness estimates that are useful for comparative screening. This method offers a flexible option for surface comparison and AI-assisted quality control when calibrated measurements are not required.