Research Information System
International Journal of Global Warming, vol.32, no.1, pp.1-28, 2024 (SCI-Expanded)
Acid rain is an environmental problem that negatively affects nature and people globally. As a signal processing method, chaotic time series analysis is useful for understanding the behaviour of complex dynamic systems. This study aims to identify the chaotic behaviour of the dynamic system of acid rain characteristics, including the pH level, nitrate, and sulphate concentrations. A dataset from four rain collection stations in Türkiye between 2005 and 2022 is used to investigate the underlying dynamics and spatial distribution. The phase space is reconstructed, and the embedding parameters are obtained using Lyapunov exponentials, power spectral density, Hurst exponential, and mutual information functions to determine and predict the nonlinear properties of acid rain. Time series analyses revealed that the chemical components in acid rain demonstrated strongly nonlinear properties. Positive Lyapunov exponents prove the exponential divergence of the trajectories, which support the presence of chaos in the acid rain characteristics.