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Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, John D. England, Editör, Academic Press , Massachusetts, ss.43-71, 2025
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) is a congenital condition characterized by the non-progressive limitation of movement in multiple joints. According to consensus-based definitions AMC is a descriptive term for conditions with congenital joint contractures in at least two body regions. Initially described by Stern in 1923, AMC has since been associated with nearly 1000 conditions and over 400 gene variants. The term encompasses heterogeneous etiologies, including genetic, environmental, and developmental factors, leading to joint contractures often accompanied by muscle weakness in varying degrees of severity. While the condition does not progress in affected joints, it may change with age and involves multiple systems, such as the central nervous system, respiratory, and cardiac systems. Treatment typically includes early physical therapy and orthopedic interventions, which can improve joint function temporarily. Subtypes and related conditions, such as Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence (FADS) and Multiple Pterygium Syndromes (MPS), further illustrate the complexity and variability of AMC.