Artificial intelligence encompasses a wide range of approaches, methodologies, and techniques aimed at mimicking human intelligence in machines. In recent times, the concepts of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), Super AI, and Narrow AI have attracted considerable attention. Undoubtedly, the success of ChatGPT in capturing all attention has played a significant role in this. Artificial intelligence technology has a profound impact on all sectors, and sector representatives are striving to adapt to this technology more quickly. It is projected that artificial intelligence could generate an economic size of 13 trillion American dollars by 2030. Developments in artificial intelligence technologies undoubtedly lead to significant improvements in the functioning of public institutions and access for citizens. Artificial intelligence has the potential to be used in many public services, including security and defense, healthcare services, education, transportation and infrastructure, environmental and natural resource management, law and justice systems, among others. Therefore, evaluating the types of artificial intelligence, Narrow AI applications, and chatbots for public use is seen as highly beneficial from the perspective of public administration and the public sector. In our study, the topics of super artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence, narrow artificial intelligence, and chatbots have been extensively evaluated within the context of the public sector and public administration. Utilizing findings from both Turkish and English literature reviews, the importance and potential impacts of artificial intelligence within the public sector, along with current trends, have been comprehensively assessed. This research delves into the concepts of artificial intelligence and its subsets—super AI, generative AI, narrow AI, and chatbots—within the general framework of the public sector. China and the United States are pioneering and leading countries in terms of investment. Although the U.S. stands out in many areas regarding investment, China's integration of artificial intelligence with national strategies and its policies indicate that it may play a more dominant role in the future. There are four main implementation areas of artificial intelligence in the public sector: efficiency and automation, service delivery, data-driven governance, and ethical and regulatory challenges. A review of the literature reveals that the ethical, legal, and social implications of implementing artificial intelligence in the public sector require more careful consideration. The study makes a significant contribution to the field of artificial intelligence discussions in public administration and the public sector, providing a comprehensive assessment of current discussions on artificial intelligence in the literature.

1. INTRODUCTION

Artificial intelligence is now influencing daily lives, communities, and governmental structures more than ever before (Uzun et al., 2022). It enables groundbreaking developments in fields such as healthcare, agriculture, education, and transportation. Exponential growth is observed globally in consideration of artificial intelligence support. For instance, in the United States, the investment in entrepreneurial companies working in artificial intelligence increased by 20% in 2019, reaching $28.5 billion USD. The European Commission announced an annual investment of €20 billion for artificial intelligence in 2020. Moreover, it is said that artificial intelligence could increase the economic growth rates of the United States, Germany, and Japan by up to 2% in the next decade (Wirtz et al., 2019). Additionally, Bughin et al. (2018) forecasted that artificial intelligence could generate an economic size of $13 trillion by 2030. Developments in artificial intelligence technologies undoubtedly lead to significant improvements in the functioning of public institutions and access for citizens, enabling personnel to focus on more strategic tasks and facilitating faster service delivery (Yalçın, 2024).  Artificial intelligence is an enabling tool with the ability to take action and can be utilized in various fields within the public sector. Indeed, artificial intelligence can analyze large datasets, learn from them, and make decisions. Therefore, artificial intelligence can support many public employees in decision-making processes and even replace them (Maragno et al., 2023). Nowadays, with the adoption of the new doctrine of customeroriented public administration, public managers aim to increase citizen satisfaction by improving the quality of services they provide (Suebvises, 2018). According to Wirtz et al. (2019), applying and implementing artificial intelligence technology in the public sector offers numerous opportunities to enhance efficiency. It is at this point that current artificial intelligence solutions emerge as strategic tools. Discussions regarding the implementation of artificial intelligence in the public sector are categorized into four main areas: application of artificial intelligence technology, artificial intelligence law and regulation, artificial intelligence ethics, and artificial intelligence society. Therefore, societal readiness in terms of legislation and laws regarding artificial intelligence is crucial. According to Long & Magerko (2020), artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly integrated into useroriented technology, yet public perception of these technologies remains limited. While artificial intelligence applications in the public sector are still limited, there are examples of exemplary applications in terms of productivity and efficiency (Maciejewski, 2017). Particularly, artificial intelligence applications supported by big data are noteworthy. In fact, big data has become a game-changer in modern public administration where it is used (Maciejewski, 2017). According to Uzun et al. (2022), governments have a responsibility as decisionmakers in technological transformation to integrate artificial intelligence technology into public administration and policies. Busuioc (2021) stated that the low cost and efficiency of big data are decisive factors in public institutions' preference for artificial intelligence solutions in public services. Additionally, artificial intelligence systems have emerged in many applications thanks to big data (Goosen et al., 2018). Nowadays, projects utilizing natural language processing models based on artificial intelligence to improve efficiency and decision-making processes in public administration and to develop positive relationships with citizens are finding widespread application in many countries (Bozdoğanoğlu et al., 2024).

read more: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383407614_Super_AI_Generative_AI_Narrow_AI_and_Chatbots_An_Assessment_of_Artificial_Intelligence_Technologies_for_The_Public_Sector_and_Public_Administration