Brain Cancer: Molecular Alterations and Emerging Trends in Neuropharmacology

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol.27, no.11, pp.1-47, 2026 (SCI-Expanded)

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms

associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite their relatively low incidence.

Advances in the fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification have

emphasized the integration of histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular

features, fundamentally transforming diagnostic and prognostic frameworks in neuro-

oncology. This manuscript aims to provide an overview of CNS tumor biology, focusing

on key diagnostic markers, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and emerging therapeutic

strategies. It further describes recent advances in multi-omics approaches and artificial

intelligence, which enable deeper characterization of tumor heterogeneity and support the

development of precision medicine strategies. Finally, current and emerging therapeutic

modalities, including combination therapies, targeted treatments, and novel molecular

targets, are examined with emphasis on overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving

clinical outcomes. Overall, the integration of molecular biology, advanced diagnostics,

and innovative therapeutic approaches represents a critical step toward personalized

management of CNS tumors and improved patient survival.