Innovative chitosan-based polymeric nanosorbent for efficient extraction of gallic acid from carob and its products: A green approach

Acet B., Demir N., Celtik Y., GÜNDOĞDU HIZLIATEŞ C., ANTEP H. M.

JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS, cilt.148, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 148
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.jfca.2025.108261
  • Dergi Adı: JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Gallic acid, Triazine, Chitosan based nanomaterials, Solid-phase extraction, Carob products
  • Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Gallic acid (GA), a bioactive phenolic compound with extensive therapeutic potential, requires efficient extraction methods from complex plant matrices. This study introduces a novel nano-engineered chitosan-based affinity sorbent, CTS-p(MAA-FIT), functionalized with a unique triazine-indole ligand, (R)-6-chloro-N2-(2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N4-(1-phenylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (FIT), designed for the selective solid-phase extraction of gallic acid. The sorbent was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and swelling studies. It achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 16.65 mg/g, a 1.9-fold improvement over arginine-modified chitosan (8.57 mg/g) and significantly faster equilibrium times (120 min vs. 240-1440 min in comparable systems). Additionally, CTS-p(MAA-FIT) enables 100 % desorption efficiency using 2 % AcOH:MeOH and retains over 73 % of its capacity after five reuse cycles. The combination of ligand novelty, synthesis simplicity, shorter extraction times and performance marks a substantial advancement in eco-friendly and reusable sorbents for phenolic acid extraction.