Pocket-Surface Discrete Differential Geometry as a Leakage-Robust Feature Class for Protein–Ligand Binding Affinity Prediction
Molecules, cilt.31, sa.11, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 31 Sayı: 11
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.3390/molecules31111899
- Dergi Adı: Molecules
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO), Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: discrete differential geometry, heat-kernel signature, Laplace–Beltrami operator, leakage-protected splits, molecular surface, protein–ligand binding affinity, structure-based drug discovery
- Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Protein–ligand binding affinity prediction underpins structure-based drug discovery, yet random partitions of public benchmarks overestimate generalisation due to protein-family and ligand leakage, and the marginal value of explicit pocket-geometry descriptors over atom-level graph neural networks remains unclear. We computed a 59-dimensional discrete differential geometry descriptor on the ligand-aware solvent-excluded surface of 3285 PDBBind v2020 complexes, combining curvature distributions, the leading sixteen Laplace–Beltrami eigenvalues and a ten-point heat-kernel signature, and evaluated it in gradient-boosted tree pipelines across progressively stricter split regimes and two leak-proof external benchmarks, together with four mechanistically distinct injection strategies in a SchNet-style graph neural network. The descriptor lifted Pearson correlations by 0.111 on cluster-disjoint testing, 0.258 on LP-PDBBind DataSAIL S2 and 0.365 on CASF-2016, while in isolation reaching 0.456 to 0.594 on external benchmarks, on a par with X-Score and AutoDock Vina (version 1.2). TreeSHAP attribution localised the dominant signal to the heat-kernel signature. The four graph neural network injection strategies produced no statistically significant lift, indicating that distance-based message passing on atomic coordinates already captures much of the geometric content. Pocket-surface discrete differential geometry, therefore, offers an interpretable, leakage-robust and lightweight feature class for early-stage virtual screening, and motivates hybrid mesh-to-atom architectures.