Is smokeless tobacco a risk factor for coronary heart disease? A systematic review of epidemiological studies

Critchley J., ÜNAL B.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PREVENTION & REHABILITATION, vol.11, no.2, pp.101-112, 2004 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier identifier

  • Publication Type: Article / Review
  • Volume: 11 Issue: 2
  • Publication Date: 2004
  • Doi Number: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000114971.39211.d7
  • Journal Name: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PREVENTION & REHABILITATION
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus
  • Page Numbers: pp.101-112
  • Keywords: cardiovascular disease, smokeless tobacco, smoking, systematic review, MIDDLE-AGED MEN, BLOOD-PRESSURE, CIGARETTE-SMOKING, CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE, MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, CHEWING TOBACCO, GLOBAL BURDEN, MORTALITY, SMOKERS
  • Dokuz Eylül University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

Background There is on-going debate about the wisdom of substituting smokeless tobacco products for cigarette smoking as a 'harm reduction' strategy. It is generally believed that health risks associated with smokeless tobacco use (ST) are lower than those with cigarette smoking. However, the population attributable risk of smoking is higher for cardiovascular diseases than for any cancers, and few studies or reviews have considered the cardiovascular outcomes of ST use. A systematic review was therefore carried out to highlight the gaps in the evidence base.