Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
MATERIALS RESEARCH EXPRESS, cilt.13, sa.4, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
Graphene is a prominent 2D nanomaterial which consists of a monolayer of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It is widely used due to its extraordinary electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and large specific surface area. These exceptional properties make it highly suitable for a wide range of applications, particularly in the fields of energy, biomedicine, and optoelectronics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced graphene-based nanostructures, focusing on their synthesis methods, including top-down (mechanical exfoliation, chemical exfoliation, chemical synthesis) and bottom-up (CVD, pyrolysis, epitaxial growth), as well as key characterization techniques, including x-ray Diffraction, x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. Particular attention is placed on recent breakthroughs in energy applications, where graphene and its derivatives are utilized as a high-performance electrode material in supercapacitors, lithium-ion and magnesium-ion batteries, and photovoltaic cells due to their outstanding charge transport and storage capabilities. In biomedical applications, graphene-based materials are integrated into drug delivery systems, biosensors, photothermal platforms, and wearable devices due to their biocompatibility, functional surface chemistry, and structural versatility. Furthermore, graphene's optical transparency, tunable electronic properties, and flexibility position it as a leading material in the development of next-generation optoelectronic devices, including organic light-emitting diodes, transparent conductive electrodes, and high-sensitivity photodetectors. Through the critical analysis of recent studies, this review underscores graphene's role as a platform material for multifunctional and scalable nanotechnologies and discusses future perspectives in tailoring its properties for application-specific performance in smart and sustainable systems.